Fruit polyphenols and CVD risk: a review of human intervention studies
Epidemiological evidence suggests that polyphenols may, in part, explain the cardioprotective properties of fruits. This review aims to summarise the evidence for the effects of fruit polyphenols on four risk factors of CVD: platelet function, blood pressure, vascular function and blood lipids.
This review includes human dietary intervention studies investigating fruits and their polyphenols. There was some evidence to suggest that fruits containing relatively high concentrations of flavonols, anthocyanins and procyanindins, such as pomegranate, purple grapes and berries, were effective at reducing CVD risk factors, particularly with respect to anti-hypertensive effects, inhibition of platelet aggregation and increasing endothelial- dependent vasodilation than other fruits investigated. Flavanone-rich fruits, such as oranges and grapefruits, were reported to have hypocholesterolaemic effects, with little impact on other risk factors being examined. However, the evidence was limited, inconsistent and often inconclusive. This is in part due to the heterogeneity in the design of studies, the lack of controls, the relatively short intervention periods and low power in several studies. Details of the polyphenol content of the fruits investigated were also omitted in some studies, negating comparison
of data. It is recommended that large, well-powered, long-term human dietary intervention studies investigating a wider range of fruits are required to confirm these observations. Investigations into the potential synergistic effects of polyphenols on a combination of CVD risk markers, dose– response relationships and standardisation in methodology would facilitate the comparison of studies and also provide valuable information on the types of fruits which could confer protection against CVD.
流行病学证据表明，多酚可能是水果保护心脏特性的部分原因。本文综述了水果多酚对心血管疾病4个危险因素的影响:血小板功能、血压、血管功能和血脂。
这篇综述包括研究水果及其多酚的人类饮食干预研究。有证据表明，含有相对高浓度黄酮醇、花青素和原花青素的水果，如石榴、紫葡萄和浆果，可以有效地减少心血管疾病的风险因素，特别是在抗高血压方面，抑制血小板聚集和增加内皮依赖性血管舒张比其他水果调查。据报道，富含黄酮的水果，如橙子和葡萄柚，有降低胆固醇的作用，对其他风险因素的影响很小。然而，证据是有限的，不一致的，经常是不确定的。这部分是由于研究设计的异质性，缺乏对照，干预期相对较短，几项研究的效力较低。在一些研究中，多酚含量的细节也被忽略了，从而否定了比较的数据。建议需要对更广泛的水果进行大规模、有力、长期的人类饮食干预研究，以证实这些观察结果。研究多酚对心血管疾病风险标志物、剂量-反应关系和方法标准化的潜在协同效应，有助于研究的比较，也为预防心血管疾病的水果类型提供有价值的信息。
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