Abstract:Total polyphenolic and anthocyanin- and proanthocyanidin-rich fractions from wild blackberrygenotypes (WB-3, WB-7, WB-10, and WB-11), a domesticated noncommercial breeding line(UM-601), and a commercial cultivar (Tupy) were evaluated for inhibition of pro-inflammatoryresponses [nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)] in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulatedby lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At 50 μM [cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) or catechin equivalent],most fractions significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited all markers. The anthocyanin-rich fraction fromWB-10 and the proanthocyanidin-rich fraction from UM-601 exhibited the highest NO inhibitoryactivities (IC50 = 16.1 and 15.1 μM, respectively). Proanthocyanidin-rich fractions from the wildWB-10 showed the highest inhibition of iNOS expression (IC50 = 8.3 μM). Polyphenolic-rich fractionsfrom WB-7 and UM-601 were potent inhibitors of COX-2 expression (IC50 = 19.1 and 19.3 μM C3Gequivalent, respectively). For most of the extracts, antioxidant capacity was significantly correlatedwith NO inhibition. Wild genotypes of Mexican blackberries, as rich sources of polyphenolics thathave both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, showed particular promise for inclusion inplant improvement programs designed to develop new varieties with nutraceutical potential.

Key words:Inflammation; wild blackberries; polyphenolic-rich fractions (PAE); antioxidant capacity; anthocyanins (ANC); proanthocyanidins (PAC); Rubus

†Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la Republica (PROPAC), Universidad Anto´ noma de
Quere´taro, Santiago de Quere´taro, Quere´taro, Mexico 36821, ‡Facultad de Ciencias Quı´mico-Biolo´ gicas,
Universidad Auto´noma de Sinaloa, Culiaca´ n, Sinaloa, Mexico, §Department of Food Science and
Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
#Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081,
^Universidad Michoacana de San Nicola´ s de Hidalgo, Uruapan, Michoaca´ n, Mexico 60190, XCentro de
Investigacio´ n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato,
Mexico 36821, and 4Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801

EDITH O. CUEVAS-RODRI´GUEZ,†,‡,4 VERMONT P. DIA,§ GAD G. YOUSEF,#PEDRO A. GARCI´A-SAUCEDO,^ JOSE´ LO´ PEZ-MEDINA,^ OCTAVIO PAREDES-LO´ PEZ,XELVIRA GONZALEZ DE MEJIA,§AND MARY ANN LILA*,#,4

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Inhibition of Pro-inflammatory Responses and Antioxidant Capacity of Mexican Blackberry (Rubus spp.) Extracts